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Antireflection (AR) coatings that exhibit multifunctional?characteristics, including high transparency, robust
resistance to moisture, high hardness, and antifogging properties,were developed based on hollow silica?silica nanocomposites.These novel nanocomposite coatings with a?closed-pore structure, consisting of hollow silica nanospheres?(HSNs) infiltrated with an acid-catalyzed silica sol (ACSS),were fabricated using a low-cost sol?gel dip-coating method. The refractive index of the nanocomposite coatings was tailored by?controlling the amount of ACSS infiltrated into the HSNs during synthesis. Photovoltaic transmittance (TPV) values of 96.86?97.34% were obtained over a broad range of wavelengths, from 300 to 1200 nm; these values were close to the theoretical limit?for a lossy single-layered AR coating (97.72%). The nanocomposite coatings displayed a stable TPV, with degradation values of?less than 4% and 0.1% after highly accelerated temperature and humidity stress tests, and abrasion tests, respectively. In addition,the nanocomposite coatings had a hardness of approximately 1.6 GPa, while the porous silica coatings with an open-pore?structure showed more severe degradation and had a lower hardness. The void fraction and surface roughness of the?nanocomposite coatings could be controlled, which gave rise to near-superhydrophilic and antifogging characteristics. The?promising results obtained in this study suggest that the nanocomposite coatings have the potential to be of benefit for the?design, fabrication, and development of multifunctional AR coatings with both omnidirectional broadband transmission and?long-term durability that are required for demanding outdoor applications in energy harvesting and optical instrumentation in?extreme climates or humid conditions.