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Surface biofunctional modification of coronary artery?stents to prevent thrombosis and restenosis formation, as well as?accelerate endothelialization, has become a new hot spot. However,bioactive coatings on implants are not yet sufficiently developed for?long-term activity, as they quickly lose efficiency in vivo and finally fail.?On the basis of a novel time-ordered concept of biofunctionality for?vascular stents, heparin/poly L-lysine nanoparticle (NP) was developed?and immobilized on a polydopamine-coated titanium surface, with the?aim of regulating and maintaining the intravascular biological response?within the normal range after biomaterial implantation. An in vitro?dynamic release model was established to mimic the blood flow?condition in vivo with three phases: (1) An early phase (1?7 days)?with release of predominantly anticoagulant and anti-inflammatory?substances and to a minor degree antiproliferative effects against
smooth muscle cells (SMCs); (2) this is followed by a phase (7?14 days) of supported endothelial cell (ECs) roliferation and?suppressed SMC proliferation with persisting high antithrombogenicity and anti-inflammatory properties of the surface. (3)Finally, a stable stage (14?28 days) with adequate biomolecules on the surface that maintain hemocompatibility and antiinflammation as well as inhibit SMCs proliferation and promote ECs growth. In vivo animal tests further confirmed that the NPmodified?surface provides a favorable release behavior to apply a stage-adjusted remedy. We suggested that these observations?provide important guidance and potential means for reasonable and suitable platform construction on a stent surface.